基于混合优化算法的关节臂式测量机参数标定

为进一步提高关节臂式坐标测量机等高机动性精密测量设备的测量精度,使用D-H矩阵法建立其关节坐标转换数学模型并据此推导出参数误差模型.针对非线性多参数标定问题,通过变换分析消除了最小二乘法求解时矩阵中的冗余参数,降低了计算的复杂性.设定判定准则并实现最小二乘法和模拟退火算法的混合,提出了一种基于混合优化算法的参数标定方法,解决了LM算法的初值设定和SA算法的搜索效率逐步降低的问题.实验结果表明:关节臂式测量机参数经混合优化算法标定后,参数的误差范围有了显著的缩小,单点重复性误差的平均值减小了1.746 mm,长度误差的平均值减小了0.941 mm,测量误差得到了进一步的抑制.     

String theory,Einstein, and the identity of physics: Theory assessment in absence of the empirical

String theorists are certain that they are practicing physicists. Yet, some of their recent critics deny this. This paper argues that this conflict is really about who holds authority in making rational judgment in theoretical physics. At bottom, the conflict centers on the question: who is a proper physicist? To illustrate and understand the differing opinions about proper practice and identity, we discuss different appreciations of epistemic virtues and explanation among string theorists and their critics, and how these have been sourced in accounts of Einstein's biography. Just as Einstein is claimed by both sides, historiography offers examples of both successful and unsuccessful non-empirical science. History of science also teaches that times of conflict are often times of innovation, in which novel scholarly identities may come into being. At the same time, since the contributions of Thomas Kuhn historians have developed a critical attitude towards formal attempts and methodological recipes for epistemic demarcation and justification of scientific practice. These are now, however, being considered in the debate on non-empirical physics.     

黄昆先生的科学贡献及其开创的学术传统

 通过对历史文献的耙梳，介绍了黄昆学术成长的历程，回顾了黄昆在固体物理方面的杰出成就，探讨了其创办第一个半导体专业化、建立半导体物理研究基地、形成独特的学术传统等，为发展新中国半导体事业作出的贡献。     

基于GPC的环肋耐压圆柱壳结构失稳概率分析

为评估具有小失效概率特性的深潜环肋耐压圆柱壳结构的失稳概率，提出了一种新的基于高斯过程分类和重要抽样的自适应分析方法.该方法通过引入马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛法和欧式距离，开发了一种新的考虑预测不确定性和取样均匀性的自适应试验设计策略，以便更高效地构造高斯过程分类器；采用核密度估计构造准最优重要抽样密度函数；基于失效概率估计的稳定性，提出了一种更精确的迭代停止准则.通过某一分段函数验证了所提分析方法的准确性及高效性.应用所提方法得到某深潜环肋耐压圆柱壳结构的失稳概率约为8.242×10^-5.     

粒子的散射方程、孤子解和高能统计模型

基于粒子散射的实验结果和已知的理论,首先,讨论了散射的各种方程,包括Lipkin方程、Pearson方程和Laguerre方程等,并且应用于各种散射;其次,重点研究了非线性方程,如Kd V方程、非线性统一方程等及其孤子解;然后,探讨了共振态和弹性、非弹性碰撞;进而,讨论高能散射和相应的统计模型;最后,提出不同能量的散射可能对应粒子低能具有对称性和高能具有统计性的新二重性.     

基于计算实验的流感大流行预防策略

流感是人类健康的重大威胁之一.为探索预防新型流感大流行的有效策略,建立了北京市计算流行病模型,评估了边境口岸检疫,病例治疗,病例隔离,社会关系抗病毒预防以及免疫接种措施对四种新型流感大流行的预防效能.结果表明:边境口岸检疫对于预防新型流感大流行的作用非常有限;积极的病例治疗可预防传播能力类似于2009年A(H1N1)的新型流感大流行;高强度的病例治疗和病例隔离可预防传播能力类似于1957年A(H2N2)的新型流感大流行;对于传播能力类似于1918年A(H1N1)的新型流感,在高强度病例治疗和病例隔离的基础上须对病例的社会关系进行抗病毒预防才有可能预防大流行;而对于具有超级传播能力的新型流感(R_03.3),必须依靠有效的广谱疫苗才能预防大流行.研究结果对于进一步完善我国应对流感大流行的应急准备与处置计划具有参考价值.     

关于数学物理方程课程教学的研究

针对目前数学物理方程教学中存在的一些问题,结合课程的教学目的与基本特点,提出注重基础知识回顾,精选教学内容,改进教学方法及考核方式等教学改革措施.以激发学生的学习积极性,提高教学质量.     

The role of orientation experiments in discovering mechanisms

Many types of experiments have been recognized in the literature. One important type we discuss in this article is the orientation experiment. While orientation experiments are like other types of experiments in that they are tests for causal relevance, they also have other qualities. One important (but not the only) goal of these experiments is to offer a rough, qualitative characterization of the mechanism responsible for a capacity of interest, effectively constraining future research. This makes them particularly useful during the early stages of investigation, when an explanandum-phenomenon has just been identified and several (often competing) hypotheses as to the qualitative character of the mechanism responsible for it are proposed. We illustrate our claims, and explicate a number of additional aims that orientation experiments can sometimes serve, by considering three case studies from different era's, namely the discovery of the mechanisms responsible for i) the capacity of eels to produce numbing sensations (17th and 18th century), ii) puerperal fever in Semmelweis' Vienna Maternity Hospital (19th century), and iii) the capacity of pigeons to home (20th century).     

珊瑚礁算法的改进研究

珊瑚礁算法易于陷入局部最优且寻优精度低，因此提出一种改进的珊瑚礁算法.此算法借鉴粒子群算法、高斯变异和模拟退火算法的思想改进珊瑚礁算法的内部有性繁殖、无性繁殖和更替机制，提高了算法的寻优精度并可跳出局部最优.在仿真实验中，将改进珊瑚礁算法与基本珊瑚礁算法和粒子群算法等10种算法分别在高维和低维测试函数下进行比较.实验结果表明，改进的珊瑚礁算法不仅较其他算法具有更好的收敛速度和精度，而且在高维测试函数中，仍然可以保持良好的性能.     

The material theory of induction and the epistemology of thought experiments

John D. Norton is responsible for a number of influential views in contemporary philosophy of science. This paper will discuss two of them. The material theory of induction claims that inductive arguments are ultimately justified by their material features, not their formal features. Thus, while a deductive argument can be valid irrespective of the content of the propositions that make up the argument, an inductive argument about, say, apples, will be justified (or not) depending on facts about apples. The argument view of thought experiments claims that thought experiments are arguments, and that they function epistemically however arguments do. These two views have generated a great deal of discussion, although there hasn't been much written about their combination. I argue that despite some interesting harmonies, there is a serious tension between them. I consider several options for easing this tension, before suggesting a set of changes to the argument view that I take to be consistent with Norton's fundamental philosophical commitments, and which retain what seems intuitively correct about the argument view. These changes require that we move away from a unitary epistemology of thought experiments and towards a more pluralist position.